IoT-Enabled Smart Fire Detection and Automatic Water Suppression Using ESP32 and Multi-Sensor Sensing

Abstract

Fire safety systems in many residential, educational, and small commercial environments rely on local alarms and manual intervention, which can delay notification and suppression. This work presents the design and implementation of a low-cost Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled fire detection prototype that integrates multi-sensor monitoring, cloud-based notification, and automatic water suppression. An ESP32 microcontroller acquires readings from a KY-026 flame sensor, an MQ-series gas/smoke sensor, and a DHT11 temperature/humidity sensor. Threshold-based logic classifies a fire condition when the smoke value exceeds 1500, the temperature exceeds 45.0 °C, or the flame sensor indicates flame presence. When a fire condition is detected, the controller activates a relay-driven water pump, buzzer, and red status indicator, while the Blynk IoT platform provides remote monitoring and event notifications. A local SH1106 OLED display provides status information independently of the cloud interface, and reconnection routines are implemented for temporary Wi-Fi/Blynk interruptions. The completed prototype was assembled and deployed in a representative indoor environment at Hormuud University. Functional tests confirmed successful operation of multi-sensor detection, automatic pump activation, mobile monitoring, notification, and connectivity recovery. Quantitative detection-accuracy, false-alarm, and response-time measurements were not conducted in this study and are identified as future work. The resulting prototype demonstrates the feasibility of an affordable detection-notification-suppression pipeline for the Somali context and provides a basis for future multi-zone, adaptive, and standards-compliant development.